Kyoto mechanisms

The Kyoto mechanisms are:

**Emissions trading – known as “the carbon market"
**Clean development mechanism (CDM)
**Joint implementation (JI).

Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF)

Activities in the LULUCF sector can provide a relatively cost-effective way of offsetting emissions, either by increasing the removals of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere (e.g. by planting trees or managing forests), or by reducing emissions (e.g. by curbing deforestation).

The Kyoto Protocol entered into force on 16 February 2005.

The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. The detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in Marrakesh in 2001, and are called the “Marrakesh Accords.”

Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions .These amount to an average of five per cent against 1990 levels over the five-year period 2008-2012.

Doha Climate Change Conference

The 18th session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC and the 8th session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol will take place on 26 November to 7 December 2012 at the Qatar National Convention Centre in Doha, Qatar.

Jupiter has 67 confirmed moons..

Jupiter has 67 confirmed moons.The most massive of them, the four Galilean moons, were discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei.Eight of Jupiter's moons are regular satellites, with prograde and nearly circular orbits that are not greatly inclined with respect to Jupiter's equatorial plane

Spain, also at the heart of Europe's debt crisis, will also likely is weighing whether to tap a new European Central Bank bond-buying plan.

Spain, also at the heart of Europe's debt crisis, will also likely is weighing whether to tap a new European Central Bank bond-buying plan. Spain is on the right track but will have to continue to convince the markets that it has sound policy for economic reform as well as budgetary austerity measures.

Europa

Europa is the sixth closest moon of the planet Jupiter. Europa was discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei.Slightly smaller than Earth's Moon, Europa is primarily made of silicate rock and probably has an iron core.

Debt-crippled Greece has depended since May 2010 on international rescue loans..

Debt-crippled Greece has depended since May 2010 on international rescue loans, granted by its European partners and the International Monetary Fund, in return for a deeply unpopular austerity program.

The Mohorovicic Discontinuity marks the lower limit of Earth's crust.

The Mohorovicic Discontinuity marks the lower limit of Earth's crust. As stated above it occurs at an average depth of about 8 kilometers beneath the ocean basins and 32 kilometers beneath continental surfaces.

Mohorovicic discontinuity

The various layers are separated by discontinuities which are evident in seismic data; the best known of these is the Mohorovicic discontinuity between the crust and upper mantle.In geology the word "discontinuity" is used for a surface at which seismic waves change velocity. One of these surfaces exists at an average depth of 8 kilometers beneath the ocean basin and at an average depth of about 32 kilometers beneath the continents. At this discontinuity, seismic waves accelerate. This surface is known as the Mohorovicic Discontinuity.

The inner core and crust are solid; the outer core and mantle layers are plastic or semi-fluid..

The crust varies considerably in thickness, it is thinner under the oceans, thicker under the continents. The inner core and crust are solid; the outer core and mantle layers are plastic or semi-fluid.

The Moon provides ocean tides, stabilizes the axial tilt, and gradually slows the planet's rotation..

Earth's only natural satellite, the Moon, which began orbiting it about 4.53 billion years ago, provides ocean tides, stabilizes the axial tilt, and gradually slows the planet's rotation.

Earth formed 4.54 billion years ago..

Earth formed 4.54 billion years ago, and life appeared on its surface within one billion years. About 71% of the surface is covered by salt water oceans, with the remainder consisting of continents and islands which together have many lakes and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere.

Earth's mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 °C with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980.

Earth's mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 °C with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980.Climate model projections are summarized in the 2007 Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). They indicate that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 1.1 to 2.9 °C for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.4 to 6.4 °C for their highest.