Tuesday, October 30, 2012

Read the following passage and answer the items that follow. Your answers to these items should be based on the passages only.


Read  the following  passage and answer the items that follow. Your answers to these items should be based on the passages only.

The concept of 'creative society' refers to a phase of development of a society in which a large number of potential contradictions become articulate and active. This is most evident when oppressed social groups get politically mobilised and demand their rights. The upsurge of the peasants and tribals, the movements for regional autonomy and self-determination, the environmental movements, and the women's movements in the developing countries are signs of emergence of creative society in contemporary times. The forms of social movements and their intensity may vary from country to country and place to place within a country. But the very presence of movements for social transformation in various spheres of a society indicates the emergence of a creative society in a country.
6. What does the author imply by "creative society" ?
1. A society where diverse art forms and literary writings seck incentive.
2. A society where social inequalities are accepted as the norm.
3. A society where a large number of contradictions are recognised.
4. A society where' the exploited and the oppressed groups grow conscious of. their human rights and upliftment.
Select the correct answerusing the codes given below :
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 4 only
(c) 3 and 4
(d) 2 and 4
Ans: c
7. What according to the passage are the manifestations of social movements?
1. Aggressiveness and being incendiary.
2. Instigation by external forces.
3. Quest for social equality and individual freedom.
4. Urge for granting privileges and self-respect to disparaged sections of the society.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans: c
8. With reference to the passage. consider the following statements:
1. To be a creative society, it is essential to have a variety of social movements.
2. To be a creative society, it is imperative to have potential contradictions and conflicts.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans: c
9. Consider the following three statements:
1. Only students can participate in the race.
2. Some participants in the race are girls.                
3. All girl participants in the race are invited for coaching.
Which one of the following conclusions can be drawn from the above statements?
(a) All participants in the race are invited for coaching.
(b) All students are invited for coaching.                
(c) All participants in the race are students.
(d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct.
Ans: c

Read each of the following two passages and answer the items that follow. Your answers to these items should be based on the passages only.


Read each of the following two passages and answer the items that follow. Your answers to these items should be based on the passages only.
Passage-I
For achieving inclusive growth there is-a critical need to rethink the-role of the State. The early debate among economists about the size of the Goverment can be misleading. The need of the hour is to have an enabling Government. India is too large and complex a nation for the State to be able to deliver all that is needed. Asking the Government to produse all the essential goods, create all the necessary jobs, and keep a curb on the prices of all goods is to lead to a large cumbersome bureaucracy and widespread corruption. The aim must be to stay with the objective of inclusive growth that was laid down by the founding fathers of the nation and also to take a more modern view of what the State can realistically deliver. This is what leads to the idea of an enabling State, that is, a Government that does not try to directly deliver to the citizens everything that they need. Instead, it (1) creates an enabling ethos for the market so that individual enterprise can flourish and citizens can, for the most part, provide for the needs of one another, and (2) steps in to help those who do not manage to do well for themselves, for there will always be individuals, no matter what the system, who need support and help. Hence we need a Government that, when it comes to the market, sets effective, incentive-compatible rules and remains on the sidelines with minimal interference, and, at the same time, plays an important role in directly helping the poor by ensuring  that they get basic education and health services and receive adequate  nutrition and food .
1. According to passage :
1. The objective of inclusive growth was laid down by the founding fathers of the nation.
2. Need of the hour is to have an enabling Government.
3. The Government should engage III maximum interference in market processes.
4. There is a need to change the size of the Government.
Which of the statements given above are correct ?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans: a
2. According to the passage, the strategy of inclusive growth can be effected by focussing on
(a) meeting all the needs of every citizen in the country.
(b) Increasing the regulations over the manufacturing sector.
(c) Controlling the distribution of manufacturing goods.
(d) Delivery of the basic services to the deprived sections of the society.
Ans: d

3. What constitutes an enabling Government?
1. A large bureaucracy.
2. Implementationof welfare programmes through representatives.
3. Creating an ethos that helps individual enterprise
4. Providing resources to those who are underprivileged.
5. Offering direct help to the poor regarding basic services.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below :
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 4 and 5 only
(c) 3, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Ans: c
4. Why is the State unable to deliver "all thai is needed"?
1. It does not. have sufficient bureaucracy.
2. It does not promote inclusive growth.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below :
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans: d
5. What is essential message being conveyed by the author of the passage ?
(a) The objectives of inclusive growth laid down by the foundings fathers of the nation should be remembered.
(b) The Government needs to make available more schools and health sevices.
(c) The Government needs to establish markets and industries to meet the needs of the poor strata of the society.
(d) There is a need to rethink the role of the State in achieving inclusive growth.
Ans: d

Saturday, October 27, 2012

Consider the following statements about heritage :


Consider the following statements about heritage :
1. Heritage is that which has been or may be inherited.
2. Heritage is anything given or received to be a proper possession.
Which of these statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer (C)

Which term is used to describe the spread of Buddhism from India through Southeast Asia?


Which term is used to describe the spread of Buddhism from India through Southeast Asia?
(a) Social mobility
(b) Cultural diffusion
(c) Ethnocentrism
(d) interdependence

Answer is (B)

Archaeological studies suggest the theory that

Archaeological studies suggest the theory that
  (a) All the continents were settled with human societies at about the same time
(b) Farming societies developed before hunting and gathering
(c) The earliest human evolved in the Rift valley in East Africa
(d) The wheel was in use in all ancient societies
 answer (C)

Which one of the following sets of industries were among first modern industries in India ?


Which one of the following sets of industries were among first modern industries in India ?

(a)  Tea, Cotton and Sugar
(b)  Jute, Silk and Cotton
(c) Cotton, Jute and Coal-Mines
(d)  Sugar, Silk and Steel

(C) is correct

Which one of the following statements is true about red soil ?


Which one of the following statements is true about red soil ?
(a) It is rich in humus.
(b) It is rich in potash.
(c) It is rich in iron compounds.
(d) It is derived from volcanic origin.

(C) is correct.

A cultivator has about two hectares of rain fed land without irrigation facilities. Which type of crops would he like to grow?


A cultivator has about two hectares of rain fed land without irrigation facilities. Which type of crops would he like to grow?
1. Jowar
2. Cotton
3. Arhar
4. Potatoes

answer (D)

Which of the following options is the closest in meaning to the word CIRCUITOUS ?

Which of the following options is the closest in meaning to the word CIRCUITOUS ? (a) Indirect (b) Confusing (c) Crooked (d) Cyclic closed meaning is (A)

Choose the word which is the nearest opposite to the meaning of the underlined word : I wish I could pursue my studies.


 Choose the word which is the nearest opposite to the meaning of the underlined word :
I wish I could pursue my studies.

(a) Discontinue
(b) Abandon
(c) Restrain
(d) Deter

Answer (A)

Which of the following pairs of words expresses the same relationship as in ELUSIVE : CAPTURE ?

Which of the following pairs of words expresses the same relationship as in ELUSIVE : CAPTURE ? (a) Sensible : decide (b) Headstrong: controlled (c) Elastic : stretch (d) Persuasive : convince Answer (B)

A judgment made before all the facts are known must be called :


 A judgment made before all the facts are known must be called :

(a) Deliberate
(b) Sensible ,
(c) Premature
(d) Harsh

Answer (C)

Which of the following is NOT one of the features of the Special Economic Zones (SEZ) being set up for promoting exports ?


Which of the following is NOT one of the features of the Special Economic Zones (SEZ) being set up for promoting exports ?

(a) Foreign workers will be allowed free entry without Visa restrictions.
(b) The SEZ area will be treated as foreign territory for trade operations, duties and tariff.
(c) Them will be no routine examination by customs authorities of import-export cargo.
(d) No license is required for import into the zone.

Answer (A)

Structural Planning refers to ..


 Structural Planning refers to .

(a) Centralized planning,
(b) Laying down broad goals and strategics.
(c) Changing existing institutions or creating new ones.
(d) Fixing flexible targets.

Answer (C)

Friday, October 26, 2012

If the RBI adopts an expansionist open market operations policy, this means it will


If the RBI adopts an expansionist open market operations policy, this means it will

(a) Sell securities in the open market.
(b) Buy securities from non-government holders.
(c) Openly announce to the market that it intends to expand credit.
(d) Offer commercial banks more credit in the open market

Answer (B)

Which of the following are the main causes of the slow rate of growth of per capita income in India?


Which of the following are the main causes of the slow rate of growth of per capita income in India?

1. High rate of capital formation
2. High level of fiscal deficits
3. High rate of growth of population

(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only

answer (D)

It is said that. in order to control inflation, foreign inflow needs to be sterilized. Sterilization here refers to


It is said that. in order to control inflation, foreign inflow needs to be sterilized. Sterilization here refers to

(a) Ensuring that counterfeit currency does not enter circulation,
(b) Ensuring that black money is accounted for,
(c) Withdrawing equivalent local currency to maintain a desirable rate of exchange,
(d) Compliance with import-export regulations,

Answer is (C)

Which of the following can be termed an infrastructural bottleneck in the development of India’s economy ?


Which of the following can be termed an infrastructural bottleneck in the development of India’s economy ?

(a) The federal nature of Indian Polity.
(b) Existence of a large variety of financial institutions
(c) Delay in the administration of justice relating to land acquisition and displacement
(d) The volatility of the Indian rupee

ANSWER IS C

Inflation can be controlled by


 Inflation can be controlled by

(a) Increase in wages
(b) Decrease in taxation
(c) Reduction in public expenditure
(d) Making the rupee dearer

Option (D)

Bancassurance is


 Bancassurance is

(a) An insurance scheme to insure bank deposits
(b) An insurance scheme exclusively for bank employees
(c) A composite financial service offering both bank and insurance products
(d) A bank deposit scheme exclusively for employees of insurance companies

Option (C)

Which one of the following expresses the relation between normal price and market price?


 Which one of the following expresses the relation between normal price and market price?

(a) Market price is greater than normal price
(b) Market price is equal to normal price
(c) Market price tends to be equal to normal price
(d) Market price is lesser than normal price
Answer (C)

The newly introduced rupee symbol is based on


The newly introduced rupee symbol is based on

(a) Roman and Greek script
(b) Persian and Dravidian script
(c) Roam and Devanagari script
(d) Greek and Devanagari script

(C) is true

Tuesday, October 23, 2012

The CAG

The CAG is the institution through which the accountability of the government and other public authorities — all those who spend public funds — to Parliament and State Legislatures and through them to the people is ensured. Further, if the CAG is bound by his (or her) oath of office to uphold the Constitution, can he (she) refrain from commenting on something that prima facie seems unconstitutional? If the government were to formulate a scheme or policy that selectively confers benefits from public funds on an individual or group to the exclusion of others on no stated grounds, or on grounds which seem questionable, would it not be the CAG's duty to point this out?

Thursday, October 18, 2012

Which of the following statements is true about Industrial Policy since 1991?


Which of the following statements is true about Industrial Policy since 1991?

(a) Only 5 industrial related to security, strategic and environmental concerns require Industrial License.
(b) An investor need not file an industrial entrepreneur Memorendum.
(c) There is no reservation of products for production in small scale sectors.
(d) The number of industries reserved for public sector has been enhanced.

A is true

Despite having huge coal reserve in OUT country, why do we import millions of tons of coal?

Despite having huge coal reserve in OUT country, why do we import millions of tons of coal?
  1. It is policy of Govt. of India to save its own coal reserve for future use and import now from other countries for present use.
  2. Most of the thermal plants in our country are coal based and they are unable to gel sufficient coal supply from our coal mines.
  3. Steel plants require large quantities of coking coal which we do not have, coking coal is to be imported from other countries.
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1 and 3 only

Answer (b)

Why was Justice Dalveer Bhandari in the news recently ?

Why was Justice Dalveer Bhandari in the news recently ?

(a) He became member of UN Human Rights Council,
(b) He was elected to the International Court of Justice.
(c) He became Director General of World Trade Organization.
(d) He became Secretary-General of SAARC

Answer (B)

Who won the Golden Boot Award in the recently concluded UEFA Euro 2012


 Who won the Golden Boot Award in the recently concluded UEFA Euro 2012

(a) Fernando Torres (Spain)
(b) Mario Balotelli (Italy)
(c) Cristiano Ronaldo (Portugal)
(d) Mario Gonna (Germany)

Answer (A).

The regional project by name ‘CASA-1000′ (Central Asia-South Asia-1000), funded by World Bank, pertains to the field of :


 The regional project by name ‘CASA-1000′ (Central Asia-South Asia-1000), funded by World Bank, pertains to the field of :

(a) Eradication of HIV AIDS
(b) Roads and Buildings
(c) Electricity
(d) Eradication of illiteracy

Answer C

Vultures, which were very common in our countryside a few years ago, are rarely seen nowadays. This is attributed to one of the Following :

Vultures, which were very common in our countryside a few years ago, are rarely seen nowadays. This is attributed to one of the Following : (a) Destruction of their nesting sites by new invasive species (b) A drug used by cattle owners for treating their diseased cattle (c) Scarcity of food available to them (d) A widespread, persistent and fatal disease amongst them Answer (B)

Which of the following can be threats to the biodiversity of a geographical area ?


Which of the following can be threats to the biodiversity of a geographical area ?
1. Global warming
2. Fragmentation of habitats
3. Invasion of alien species
4. Promotion of vegetarianism
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer is (A)

‘Kyoto Protocol’, an agreement signed by various countries, is associated with (a) International trade


 ‘Kyoto Protocol’, an agreement signed by various countries, is associated with
(a) International trade
(b) Deep sea oil and mineral exploration
(c) Clean environment and climate change
(d) Building common food stock to save

Answer:(C)

Biome, largest recognizable assemblage of animals and plants on the Earth. is controlled mainly by :


Biome, largest recognizable assemblage of animals and plants on the Earth. is controlled mainly by :

(a) Biological activity
(b) Landforms
(c) Climate
(d) Soil

answer is c

Wednesday, October 17, 2012

118 Tigers have been spotted in Kaziranga.

Rise in number of tigers have been recorded at Kaziranga National Park in a study done with the latest camera trap technique used to make estimates of big cat population in an area. 118 Tigers have been spotted in Kaziranga.

Thursday, October 11, 2012

Which of the following is/ are among the fundamental Duties of citizens laid down in the Indian Constitution?


 Which of the following is/ are among the fundamental Duties of citizens laid down in the Indian Constitution?

1. To preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture
2. To protect the weaker sections from social injustice
3. To develop the scientific temper and spirit of inquiry
4. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 only
c) 1, 3 and 4 only
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer: C

How do District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) help in the reduction of rural poverty in India?


 How do District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) help in the reduction of rural poverty in India?

1. DRDAs act as Panchayati Raj Institutions in certain specified backward regions of the country.
2. DRDAs undertake area-specific scientific study of the cause of poverty and malnutrition and prepare detailed remedial measures.
3. DRDAs secure inter-sectoral and inter-departmental coordination and cooperation for effective implementation of anti-poverty programmes.
4. DRDAs watch over and ensure effective utilisation of the funds intended for anti-poverty programme.
Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?
A. 1, 2 and 3 only
B. 3 and 4 only
C. 4 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer: B

A deadlock between the Lok Sabha and Rajyasabha calls for a joint sitting of the parliament during the passage of


 A deadlock between the Lok Sabha and Rajyasabha calls for a joint sitting of the parliament during the passage of

1. ordinary legislation
2. money bill
3. constitution amendment bill
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1,2 and 3

Answer: A

According to the Constitution of India, it is the duty of the President of India to cause to be laid before the Parliament which of the following?


According to the Constitution of India, it is the duty of the President of India to cause to be laid before the Parliament which of the following?

1. The Recommendations of the Union Finance Commission
2. The Report of the Public Accounts Committee
3. The Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General
4. The Report of the National Commission for the Scheduled Castes
Select the correct answer the using the codes given below:
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 4 only
C. 1, 3 and 4 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer: C

Consider the following:


 Consider the following:

1. Hotels and restaurants
2. Motor Transport undertakings
3. Newspaper Establishments
4. Private Medical Institutions
The Employers of which of the above can have the social Security coverage under Employees State Insurance Scheme?
A. 1, 2 and 3 only
B. 4 only
C. 1, 3 and only 4
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer: D

With reference to the Delimitation Commission, consider the following statements:


With reference to the Delimitation Commission, consider the following statements:

1. The orders of the Delimitation Commission cannot be challenged in a Court of Law.
2. When the orders of the Delimitation Commission are laid before the Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assembly, they cannot effect any modifications in the orders.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: C

The Prime Minister of India, at the time of his/ her appointment

The Prime Minister of India, at the time of his/ her appointment A. need not necessarily be a member of one of the Houses of the Parliament but must become a member of one of the Houses within six months B. need not necessarily be a member of one of the Houses of the Parliament but must become a member of the Lok Sabha within six months C. must be a member of one of the Houses of the parliament D. must be a member of the Lok Sabha Answer: A

The endeavour of Janani suraksha yojana programme is


The endeavour of Janani suraksha yojana programme is
1. to promote institutional deliveries
2. to provide monetary assistance to the mother to meet the cost of delivery
3. to provide for wage loss due to pregnancy and confinements
Which of the above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 only
C. 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: A

In India other than ensuring that public funds are used efficiently and for intended purpose what is the importance of the office of the CAG?


In India other than ensuring that public funds are used efficiently and for intended purpose what is the importance of the office of the CAG?

1.CAG exercises exchequer control on behalf of the parliament when the president of India declares national emergency/ financial emergency
2.CAG reports on the execution of projects or programmes by the ministries are discussed by the PAC/
3.Information form CAG reports can be used by investigating agencies to press charges against those who have violated the law while managing public finances.
4.While dealing with audit and accounting of govt. companies. CAG has certain judicial powers for prosecuting those who violate the law.
Which of the above are correct?

a] 1, 3 and 4 only
b] 2 only
c] 2 and 3 only
d] 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer: C

Tuesday, October 2, 2012

The launch of INSAT-4A during December 2005, INSAT-4B in and INSAT- 4CR in 2007 have ushered in Direct To Home (DTH) television services in the country.

The launch of INSAT-4A during December 2005, INSAT-4B in and INSAT- 4CR in 2007 have ushered in Direct To Home (DTH) television services in the country. Television reaches 85 percent of India's population via INSAT.Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSAT) have revolutionised our telecommunications sector. INSAT supports over 20,000 VSATs for e-commerce and e-governance.

The INSAT series, commissioned in 1983...

The INSAT series, commissioned in 1983, has today become one of the largest domestic satellites systems in the Asia-Pacific region comprising nine satellites in service.

Indian Space Research Organisation

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully operationalised two major satellite systems namely Indian National Satellites (INSAT) for communication services and Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites for management of natural resources.

GSAT-10 satellite

In the second orbit-raising exercise, the perigee (nearest point to earth) of GSAT-10 satellite has successfully been raised to 31,822 km from 16,427 km.

Trishul missile

It has a range of 9 km and is fitted with a 5.5 kg HE-fragmented warhead.The missile can engage targets like aircraft and helicopters, flying between 300 m/s and 500 m/s by using its radar command-to-line-of-sight guidance.

Agni-II

Both stages of the Agni-II have a solid propulsion system, which allows the missile to be mobile and flexible. Assuming that Agni-II is to be deployed in India’s north-eastern region and even given a 2,000+ km range, Agni-II can still not reach vast parts of China - including Beijing, which is over 3000 km away.

Agni

The first Agni test occurred on 22 May 1989, and two more tests were conducted on 29 May 1992 and 19 February 1994.The first prototype of an operational variant, the Agni-II, was tested on 11 April 1999

The Astra will have a maximum range of 80 km.

The Astra missile programme is headed by the Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO).A model of the Astra was first shown to the public at Aero India in December 1998. Development of this missile is likely to take about seven to eight years. The Astra will have a maximum range of 80 km.

Sunday, September 30, 2012

The Artist was the first French film to ever win Academy Award of Best Picture.

The Artist was the first French film to ever win Academy Award of Best Picture and the first mainly silent film to win since 1927's Wings.

The Artist

The Artist was written and directed by Michel Hazanavicius and stars Jean Dujardin and Bérénice Bejo.It was nominated for ten Academy Awards and won five, including Best Picture, Best Director for Hazanavicius, and Best Actor for Dujardin.

Clara Bow was an American actress who rose to stardom in the silent film era of the 1920s.

Clara Bow was an American actress who rose to stardom in the silent film era of the 1920s. She appeared in 46 silent films and 11 talkies, including hits such as Mantrap (1926), It (1927) and Wings (1927).

Wings was the first of two silent films, the other being The Artist at the 84th Academy Awards in 2012, to win the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Wings was the first of two silent films, the other being The Artist at the 84th Academy Awards in 2012, to win the Academy Award for Best Picture.It is a 1927 silent film about World War I fighter pilots, produced by Lucien Hubbard, directed by William A. Wellman

The first Academy Awards ceremony was held on May 16, 1929..

The first Academy Awards ceremony was held on May 16, 1929, at the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood.The Oscar statuette is officially named the Academy Award of Merit and is one of nine types of Academy Awards. It is also the oldest award ceremony in the media.

The country is facing acute power shortage and its per capita consumption is one of the lowest.

The country is facing acute power shortage and its per capita consumption is one of the lowest. 75 % of the electricity is generated by burning coal and natural gas.Creation of a separate Ministry of new and renewable energy is a testimony to this effort. Because of these efforts generation from renewable sources of energy has trebled since 2005 from 5 to 15 GW. By 2022 it should reach 40 GW.

Motilal Nehru

Motilal Nehru played a prominent role in the non-cooperation movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1921.The report prepared on the initiative of a sub-committee under the chairmanship of Shri Motilal Nehru constituted by the All Parties Conference came to be known as the Nehru Report which was released by the All India Congress Committee in 1928.

India needs to be declared as data secure in order to provide access.

India needs to be declared as data secure in order to provide access. According to a study done by Boston Consulting Group, it is expected that because of Mode 1, there would be over six million jobs and a generation of revenue worth USD 170 billion by 2020 in India.

It is to be noted that the bilateral trade between India and EU in 2011-12 stood at USD 109.87 billion which increased from USD 90.62 billion during 2010-11.

It is to be noted that the bilateral trade between India and EU in 2011-12 stood at USD 109.87 billion which increased from USD 90.62 billion during 2010-11. The India-EU BTIA is paramount owing to the fact that it will give a projected leapfrog of € 150 billion to the bilateral trade by the year 2015.

With the Eurozone economy forecast to shrink by 0.3 per cent in 2012.

With the Eurozone economy forecast to shrink by 0.3 per cent in 2012, and with the European Commission crystal gazing zero growth for the current year for all the 27 Member States and 1.3 per cent growth for the coming year, the picture is all dispirited for the European Union. On the other hand, India’s economy is projected to grow by 6-7 per cent, much below the norm of 9 per cent.

Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA)

It was finally recommended that a broader platform for expanded trade ties be inculcated through the negotiations of a broad-based Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA). BTIA started in June 2007 till today, the economic scenario has worsened and become gloomier for both India and the European Union.

India and the European Union was € 40 billion, when India exported € 3.8 billion worth of services to EU, and when EU was India’s largest source of foreign direct investment..

India and the European Union was € 40 billion, when India exported € 3.8 billion worth of services to EU, and when EU was India’s largest source of foreign direct investment; or in short when there were healthy trends in bilateral trade and investment between the two, the seeds of a High Level Trade Group were sown during the 2005 India-EU Summit to explore ways to give further boost to trade and investment between the duo.

foreign investment, up to 49 percent in scheduled and non-scheduled air transport services.

The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved the proposal of the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion for permitting foreign airlines to make foreign investment, up to 49 percent in scheduled and non-scheduled air transport services.

Boeing 787

27 Boeing 787 will be delivered from 2012 to March 2016. The first of the aircrafts had arrived in New Delhi on 8th September 2012.

Kerala Kalamandalam

Kerala Kalamandalam was founded by the great poet Vallathol Narayana Menon in 1930 and has a special place in the cultural map not only of Kerala but also of the country as a whole.This organization is the first public institution to impart training and organize performances in the traditional performing arts of Kerala, especially Kathakali, Mohiniyattom, Kutiyattom and Thullaal. It has today established itself as a symbol of Indian cultural renaissance and has acclaimed global fame.

NSIC-Incubation program

NSIC has set up Incubation Centres all over the country and invited young girls, aspiring Women Entrepreneurs to join the NSIC-Incubation program free of Cost. The NSIC Incubation program is a integrated support by way of providing hands on training on working projects,

Alice Braga is a Brazilian actress.

Alice Braga is a Brazilian actress. Her big break came in 2002 when she was cast as Angélica in the critically acclaimed film City of God.

Adrien Brody

Adrien Brody received widespread recognition after starring in Roman Polanski's The Pianist (2002), for which he became the youngest actor to win the Academy Award for Best Actor at age 29.

Thursday, September 27, 2012

Agricultural growth

An important aspect of performance which is relevant for inclusiveness is that agricultural growth, which had decelerated to an average 2.2 percent per year in the Tenth Plan, is likely to clock an average 3.5 percent in the Eleventh Five Year Plan.

Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana

A major initiative in health for the poor has been the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana, which now provides an insurance cover for inpatient treatment to well over 100 million people.

National Rural Health Mission,

The National Rural Health Mission, which took off only in 2007, has begun to address the large gaps in health infrastructure. Much remains to be done but there is evidence of progress. Institutional deliveries have increased from 54 percent in 2006 to 73 percent in 2009. The infant mortality rate has fallen from 57 to 50, over the same period.

The government has a very big role to play in developing the infrastructure needed in both rural and urban areas to support broad and inclusive growth.

The government has a very big role to play in developing the infrastructure needed in both rural and urban areas to support broad and inclusive growth. the government must have special programmes for livelihood support for the poor and vulnerable, aimed at directly increasing their income earning capabilities and at mainstreaming them in the overall growth process.

Government must provide a policy environment in which the creative spirit of our farmers and entrepreneurs is given full support and encouragement.

Government must provide a policy environment in which the creative spirit of our farmers and entrepreneurs is given full support and encouragement.This includes an environment of macro-economic stability, efficient functioning markets which ensure competitive discipline on private sector producers, a sound financial system for allocating financial resources, good governance with transparency and effective enforcement of the rule of law.

Draft Approach to the 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017)

The Approach Paper also recognizes that achieving 9 percent growth will require investments in infrastructure sector development. In order to address issues of infrastructure shortages, greater thrust on public investment and public private partnerships in infrastructure sector would be required.

Draft Approach to the 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017)

The Approach also emphasizes the need to harness private sector investment in these sectors. Allocation in the health sector is all set to double with the High Level Expert Group on Universal Health Coverage recommending an increase on health spending to 2.5 percent of the GDP in the Plan period from the current level of 1.2 percent of GDP.

Flagship programmes

The major flagship programmes instrumental in promoting inclusiveness in the Eleventh Plan, would continue in the Twelfth Plan with greater focus on issues of implementation and governance to improve their effectiveness. Health, education and skill development continues to be focus areas in the Twelfth Plan and ensuring adequate resources to these sectors.

Higher agricultural growth would provide broad-based income benefits to the rural population and also help restrain inflationary pressure.

On the agricultural front, the Approach emphasizes the need to intensify its efforts to have 4 percent average growth in agriculture sector during the 12th Plan period from 3.2 percent growth in the first four years of the 11th Plan. Higher agricultural growth would provide broad-based income benefits to the rural population and also help restrain inflationary pressure.

The Approach Paper lays down the major targets of the Twelfth Plan,

The Approach Paper lays down the major targets of the Twelfth Plan, the key challenges in meeting them and the broad approach to be followed to achieve the stated objectives. It proposes a growth target of 9 percent.

Draft Approach to the 12th Five Year Plan

The Draft Approach to the 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017) has been approved by the National Development Council. The theme of the Approach Paper is "faster, sustainable and more inclusive growth"

Friday, September 21, 2012

DRUGS AND PHARMACEUTICALS RESEARCH PROGRAMME (DPRP)

The programme was launched in 1994-95 for promoting R&D in drugs and pharmaceuticals sector with the objective to Forge public private partnership (PPP) in Drugs & Pharmaceuticals R&D covering both modern and Indian systems of medicine including veterinary drug development, To create state-ofthe-art R&D infrastructure in this sector in public funded laboratory/university, extend loan at 3% simple interest to pharma Industry R&D projects and grants-in-aid for clinical trials to pharma industry projects on developing drugs for neglected diseases like malaria, TB, Kalaazar, Filariasis, etc

National Bamboo Application Mission

National Bamboo Application Mission (NMBA) has been successful in adding value of bamboo materials through technologies for applications. Structural materials and Public service facilities like schools, hospitals etc have been constructed from bamboo in short spans of time. Leh has received 60,000 Sq.ft constructed area for housing after the recent floods.

The Mission on Nano Science and Technology (Nano Mission) has been launched as an umbrella programme.

The Mission on Nano Science and Technology (Nano Mission) has been launched as an umbrella programme on May 2007 for promoting pre-competitive R&D in this area of research. Under the nano mission, basic research in nano science has been actively fostered. More than 250 PhDs have been produced and about 2700 publications in prime journals have been published from the projects supported under the mission.

Objectives of Science and Technology

To ensure food, agricultural, nutritional, environmental, water, health and energy security of the people on a sustainable basis.To mount a direct and sustained effort on the alleviation of poverty, enhancing livelihood security, removal of hunger and malnutrition, reduction of drudgery and regional imbalances, both rural and urban, and generation of employment, by using scientific and technological capabilities along with our traditional knowledge pool.To promote the empowerment of women in all science and technology activities and ensure their full and equal participation.

Science and technology have had unprecedented impact on economic growth and social development.

Science and technology have had unprecedented impact on economic growth and social development. Knowledge has become a source of economic might and power. This has led to increased restrictions on sharing of knowledge, to new norms of intellectual property rights, and to global trade and technology control regimes.

DST is planning to adopt request for proposals models for promoting cutting edge science in Solar Energy research in the country.

A part of pro-active effort of DST to promote indigenous capacity in Solar Energy Research; DST has shaped a PAN-IIT Initiative. A knowledge network of about 40 faculties from 6 IITs have now emerged. DST is planning to adopt request for proposals models for promoting cutting edge science in Solar Energy research in the country.

Department of Science & Technology

Department of Science & Technology (DST) was established in May 1971, with the objective of promoting new areas of Science & Technology and to play the role of a nodal department for organising, coordinating and promoting S&T activities in the country.

Monday, September 17, 2012

The demand for electronics hardware in the country is projected to increase from USD 45 billion in 2009 to USD 400 billion by 2020.

The demand for electronics hardware in the country is projected to increase from USD 45 billion in 2009 to USD 400 billion by 2020.This provides a huge opportunity for India to become an Electronics System Design and Manufacturing (ESDM) hub to meet the domestic as well as the global requirements.

ELECTRONICS industry

THE ELECTRONICS industry emerged in the 20th century and has quickly become a global industry worth of billions of dollars with products ranging from simple consumer products to highly complicated aerospace ones.

Saturday, September 15, 2012

United Nations Industrial Development Organization

UNIDO,s primary objective is the promotion and acceleration of industrial development in developing countries.UNIDO works largely in developing countries, with governments, business associations and individual companies.Presently, 173 states are members of UNIDO.

United Nations Development Programme

UNDP operates in 177 countries, working with nations on their own solutions to global and national development challenges.Headquartered in New York, the UNDP is funded entirely by voluntary contributions from member nations.

UNEP sponsors the Marshlands project in Middle East that helps to protect the largest marshland in Middle East.

UNEP sponsors the Marshlands project in Middle East that helps to protect the largest marshland in Middle East.In 2001, UNEP alerted the international community to the destruction of the Marshlands when it released satellite images showing that 90 percent of the Marshlands had already been lost.

United Nations Environment Programme

United Nations Environment Programme was founded as a result of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in June 1972 and has its headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya.UNEP has been active in funding and implementing environment related development projects.UNEP established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988.

Montreal Protocol has often been called the most successful international environmental agreement .

Halon concentrations have continued to increase, as the halons presently stored in fire extinguishers are released, but their rate of increase has slowed and their abundances are expected to begin to decline by about 2020. the concentration of the HCFCs increased drastically at least partly because for many uses CFCs were substituted with HCFCs.

The Montreal Protocol provides for internationally coordinated control of ozone-depleting substances..

On September 16, 2009, all countries in the United Nations, the Cook Islands, Holy See, Niue and the supranational European Union have ratified the original Montreal Protocol. Timor-Leste being the last country to ratify the agreement, bringing the total to 196.

The main objective of the Multilateral Fund

The main objective of the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol is to assist developing country parties to the Montreal Protocol whose annual per capita consumption and production of ozone depleting substances (ODS) is less than 0.3 kg to comply with the control measures of the Protocol.

Montreal Protocol

The treaty was opened for signature on September 16, 1987, and entered into force on January 1, 1989.It is believed that if the international agreement is adhered to, the ozone layer is expected to recover by 2050.

As of September 2011, 191 states have signed and ratified the Kyoto protocol.

National targets range from 8% reductions for the European Union and some others to 7% for the US, 6% for Japan, 0% for Russia, and permitted increases of 8% for Australia and 10% for Iceland. As of September 2011, 191 states have signed and ratified the protocol.The only remaining signatory not to have ratified the protocol is the United States.

The Kyoto Protocol is a legally binding agreement under which industrialized countries will reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases..

The Kyoto Protocol is a legally binding agreement under which industrialized countries will reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2% compared to the year 1990.The goal is to lower overall emissions from six greenhouse gases - carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, HFCs, and PFCs - calculated as an average over the five-year period of 2008-12.

The Kyoto Protocol sets a specific time period – known as the first commitment period – for Annex I Parties to achieve their emission reduction and limitation commitments..

The Protocol sets binding targets for developed countries, known as
“Annex I Parties”, to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions.It has
established innovative mechanisms to assist these Parties in meeting
their emissions commitments.The Kyoto Protocol sets a specific time period – known as the first
commitment period – for Annex I Parties to achieve their emission
reduction and limitation commitments, commencing in 2008 and
ending in 2012.

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which came into effect in 1994..

Climate change is a global problem that requires a global response
embracing the needs and interests of all countries. The United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change, which came into effect in
1994, and its Kyoto Protocol that came into effect in 2005 –

Kyoto mechanisms

The Kyoto mechanisms are:

**Emissions trading – known as “the carbon market"
**Clean development mechanism (CDM)
**Joint implementation (JI).

Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF)

Activities in the LULUCF sector can provide a relatively cost-effective way of offsetting emissions, either by increasing the removals of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere (e.g. by planting trees or managing forests), or by reducing emissions (e.g. by curbing deforestation).

The Kyoto Protocol entered into force on 16 February 2005.

The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. The detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in Marrakesh in 2001, and are called the “Marrakesh Accords.”

Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions .These amount to an average of five per cent against 1990 levels over the five-year period 2008-2012.

Doha Climate Change Conference

The 18th session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC and the 8th session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol will take place on 26 November to 7 December 2012 at the Qatar National Convention Centre in Doha, Qatar.

Friday, September 14, 2012

Jupiter has 67 confirmed moons..

Jupiter has 67 confirmed moons.The most massive of them, the four Galilean moons, were discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei.Eight of Jupiter's moons are regular satellites, with prograde and nearly circular orbits that are not greatly inclined with respect to Jupiter's equatorial plane

Spain, also at the heart of Europe's debt crisis, will also likely is weighing whether to tap a new European Central Bank bond-buying plan.

Spain, also at the heart of Europe's debt crisis, will also likely is weighing whether to tap a new European Central Bank bond-buying plan. Spain is on the right track but will have to continue to convince the markets that it has sound policy for economic reform as well as budgetary austerity measures.

Europa

Europa is the sixth closest moon of the planet Jupiter. Europa was discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei.Slightly smaller than Earth's Moon, Europa is primarily made of silicate rock and probably has an iron core.

Debt-crippled Greece has depended since May 2010 on international rescue loans..

Debt-crippled Greece has depended since May 2010 on international rescue loans, granted by its European partners and the International Monetary Fund, in return for a deeply unpopular austerity program.

The Mohorovicic Discontinuity marks the lower limit of Earth's crust.

The Mohorovicic Discontinuity marks the lower limit of Earth's crust. As stated above it occurs at an average depth of about 8 kilometers beneath the ocean basins and 32 kilometers beneath continental surfaces.

Mohorovicic discontinuity

The various layers are separated by discontinuities which are evident in seismic data; the best known of these is the Mohorovicic discontinuity between the crust and upper mantle.In geology the word "discontinuity" is used for a surface at which seismic waves change velocity. One of these surfaces exists at an average depth of 8 kilometers beneath the ocean basin and at an average depth of about 32 kilometers beneath the continents. At this discontinuity, seismic waves accelerate. This surface is known as the Mohorovicic Discontinuity.

The inner core and crust are solid; the outer core and mantle layers are plastic or semi-fluid..

The crust varies considerably in thickness, it is thinner under the oceans, thicker under the continents. The inner core and crust are solid; the outer core and mantle layers are plastic or semi-fluid.

The Moon provides ocean tides, stabilizes the axial tilt, and gradually slows the planet's rotation..

Earth's only natural satellite, the Moon, which began orbiting it about 4.53 billion years ago, provides ocean tides, stabilizes the axial tilt, and gradually slows the planet's rotation.

Earth formed 4.54 billion years ago..

Earth formed 4.54 billion years ago, and life appeared on its surface within one billion years. About 71% of the surface is covered by salt water oceans, with the remainder consisting of continents and islands which together have many lakes and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere.

Wednesday, September 12, 2012

Earth's mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 °C with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980.

Earth's mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 °C with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980.Climate model projections are summarized in the 2007 Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). They indicate that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 1.1 to 2.9 °C for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.4 to 6.4 °C for their highest.

The amount of sea ice in the Arctic had fallen to the lowest level on record..

In August 2012, researchers announced that the amount of sea ice in the Arctic had fallen to the lowest level on record, a confirmation of the drastic warming in the region and a likely harbinger of larger changes to come.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

The United Nations has sponsored annual global talks, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, an international treaty signed by 194 countries to cooperatively discuss global climate change and its impact.

Global warming has become perhaps the most complicated issue facing world leaders.

Global warming has become perhaps the most complicated issue facing world leaders. Warnings from the scientific community are becoming louder, as an increasing body of science points to rising dangers from the ongoing buildup of human-related greenhouse gases — produced mainly by the burning of fossil fuels and forests.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for the assessment of climate change.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for the assessment of climate change.It was established by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988.The IPCC is an intergovernmental body. It is open to all member countries of the United Nations (UN) and WMO.

Wednesday, August 15, 2012

बाल मजदूरी से मुक्त कराए गए बच्चों के पुनर्वास के लिए सरकार ने देश के 266 जिलों में राष्ट्रीय बाल श्रम परियोजना लागू की है।

बाल मजदूरी से मुक्त कराए गए बच्चों के पुनर्वास के लिए सरकार ने देश के 266 जिलों में राष्ट्रीय बाल श्रम परियोजना लागू की है। इस परियोजना के अंतर्गत ऐसे बच्चों को विशेष स्कूलों में दाखिल किया जाता है, जहां उन्हें औपचारिक शिक्षा प्रणाली में डालने से पहले शिक्षा, व्यवसायिक प्रशिक्षण, पौष्टिक आहार, स्वास्थ्य सुविधाएं आदि प्रदान की जाती हैं। वर्ष 2010-11 में इस योजना पर 92.71 करोड़ रूपये खर्च हुए, जबकि संशोधित अनुमान 92.80 करोड़ रूपये का था। वर्ष 2011-12 में 373 करोड़ रूपये की बजट राशि में से 21 नवंबर, 2011 तक 70 करोड़ रूपये खर्च किए जा चुके हैं।

पाथेर शब्द का बंगाली में मतलब होता है ‘पथ का ’ और पांचाली बंगाल में गायी जाने वाली कथात्मक शैली का लोकगीत है.

पाथेर शब्द का बंगाली में मतलब होता है ‘पथ का ’ और पांचाली बंगाल में गायी जाने वाली कथात्मक शैली का लोकगीत है.

शहरयार

शहरयार ने उमराव जान, गमन, अंजुमन जैसी फ़िल्मों के गीत लिखे जो बेहद लोकप्रिय हुए. हालांकि वो ख़ुद को फ़िल्मी शायर नहीं मानते.

Saturday, July 14, 2012

DNA

DNA, short for deoxyribonucleic acid, is the molecule that contains the genetic code of organisms. This includes animals, plants, protists, archaea and bacteria.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The UDHR may be broken into 30 parts or articles. Each article says one idea about human rights. Most people think these are the most important ideas:
All persons are born free and equal, because they have reason and conscience.
Everyone has a right to life, liberty, and security of their person.
Everyone is protected from any kind of discriminations.
Everyone has a right to have a nationality and change one's nationality.
Everyone has a right to an education.
Everyone has a right to get a job.
Everyone has a right to vote and take part in the government of one's own country.
Everyone has a right to take part in cultural life -- to choose a way of life.
No person may be tortured, or treated in a cruel or unkind way.
Everyone has right to seek and gain asylum in other country from persecution.
Everyone has a right to have ideas or opinions, to decide what is right and what is wrong, and to choose a religion.
Everyone has a right to speak or write freely.
Everyone has a rights to security if the person is at the cases of unemployment, disease, disability, old age or lost of the partner.
Everyone has duties to the community where one's personality can be developed freely.
No one can abuse the rights to destroy the freedom or rights in this Declaration.

Monday, April 30, 2012

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: नैनो प्रौद्योगिकी

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: नैनो प्रौद्योगिकी: नैनो प्रौद्योगिकी ज्ञान का भंडार है और ऐसी प्रौद्योगिकी है, जो विभिन्‍न प्रकार के उत्‍पादों और प्रक्रियाओं को प्रभावित करेगी। इसके राष्‍ट्री...

Monday, April 16, 2012

CSAT MATERIAL

The economy of contemporary India is a great paradox. It is a strange combination of outstanding achievements as well as grave failures. Since independence, India has achieved remarkable progress in overcoming its economic backwardness. From being a very poor country in the 1950s and a ‘basket case’ in the mid 1960s, it has emerged as the fourth largest economy in the world (in terms of purchasing power parity). Our economy has become one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Now the country is one of the leading players in the world knowledge economy with vast intellectual capital and booming software and information technology services. While our country has joined the league of the world’s top five fastest growing economies, we are in the bottom 20 among all countries in terms of the Human Development Index. While the country is celebrating its growth rate and technological wonders, it is witnessing social contradictions and the paradox and ironies of development. Thus, there are ‘two Indias’ in contemporary India.

1. Why is the Indian economy considered ‘a great paradox’?

(a) It is a leading player in information technology services with low levels of
literacy.

(b) There is poverty amidst plenty in agricultural produce.

(c) It is one of the largest economies with low human development.

(d) It has scientific achievements with social contradictions.

2. Why is India being referred to as a leading player in the world knowledge economy?

(a) India’s knowledge base in science and technology is one of the world’s best.

(b) India has huge reserves of human intellectual capitals and information technology services.

(c) India is among the World’s five fastest growing economics and technology reserves.

(d) India has a huge reservoir of human capital and scientific knowledge export potential.

3. What does the author imply by the phrase ‘two Indias’ ?

(a) There is the India that has vast intellectual capital and the other that is largely
illiterate.

(b) There is the India of burgeoning growth and the India of widespread want and
misery.

(c) There is the India of progressive mindsets and the other who are socially
conservative.

(d) There is an India of outstanding achievements combined with gigantic failures.

4. Consider the following statement and also the conclusions. Answer the question that follows:Statement : Education is in the Concurrent List. The State government cannot bring reforms in education without the consent of Central Government.

Conclusion I : For bringing about quick reforms in education, it should be in the State List .

Conclusion II: States are not willing to bring about quick reforms in Education.

Which one of the following is correct?

(a) Conclusion -I only follows from the statement.

(b) Conclusion -II only follows from the statement.

(c) Both conclusions I & II follow from the statement

(d) Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follow from the statement

5]“We need more clarity” — this has been the prevalent refrain among many private schools in Chennai for the last couple of months in regard to implementing the Right to Education (RTE) Act. With the Supreme Court upholding the constitutional validity of the Act and the Tamil Nadu State Government taking steps for its implementation, private schools cannot use lack of clarity as an excuse anymore.

While the Act envisages a series of reforms in school education, the clause on reserving 25 per cent of seats at the entry level for children belonging to weaker sections and disadvantaged groups has remained in focus.

Private schools have been using different strategies to escape from this clause. Some school heads said they were not sure how the government would reimburse the costs. A few private schools in Chennai sent out letters to parents, seeking to mobilise them against its implementation.

In fact, some schools went to the extent of telling parents: “Your child's quality of education will suffer seriously as the teachers will have a very difficult time managing and educating a few children who are not qualified for the particular class, or who are very difficult to manage.” Certain other schools claimed they were already enrolling children from economically weaker sections. However, such attempts have been rendered futile by the Supreme Court's verdict on Thursday. Now, what next?

The School Education Department has chalked out a detailed plan of action. A total of 12 Government Orders have been issued and the Directorate of Teacher Education Research and Training (DTERT) is the nodal agency for its implementation. Training programmes are being held to educate school heads. After quite a delay, the government has moved the files to constitute the State Commission for Protection of Child Rights (SCPCR).


6]Composite fish culture has emerged as a vital activity in recent years owing to high net return realized from this enterprise.

Nevertheless, there still exists a large gap in the demand and supply of fish. Intensive aquaculture is not feasible for the rural people as it is expensive and involves more risk.

The low input mixed farming systems in which fish culture is a component, using and regenerating the physical and biological resources efficiently, are more suitable as they are less risky and at the same time give more fish production because of easy adaptability.

MORE OPTION

The current aquaculture production can be increased to a greater extent if it can be integrated with dairy. Fish cum dairy farming is considered as an excellent innovation for effective utilization of organic wastes.

Composite fish culture comprising rohu, catla, mrigal and common carp can be fed with biogas slurry, cattle shed washings and other organic wastes for reducing the cost of feeding and to improve the growth and yield. Organic wastes on application help in the production of desired planktons, which is basic food for fish and these wastes serve as fertilizer nutrients and also consumed directly as source of feed.

Experiments conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore revealed that application of biogas slurry from the biogas plant at 15,000 kg ha of fish pond and cattle shed washings at 260 litres day-1 for 73 days as fish feed recorded 40.45 kg and 45.92 kg, respectively .

NUTRIENT STATUS

Feeding the fish with improved nutrient feed especially organic carbon and plankton status of fish pond, resulted in highest productivity.

Excess supply of cattle shed washings to fish pond resulted in mortality of fish due to high water temperature, carbon dioxide, alkalinity and low dissolved oxygen content of water in the fish pond.

Hence, for obtaining higher fish production and economic returns, growing of polyculture fish with cattle shed washings or biogas slurry as their feed is efficient and economical.